@article {bnh-7962,
	title = {Managing problematic visual media in natural hazard emergencies},
	journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction},
	year = {2021},
	month = {04/2021},
	abstract = {<p>In natural hazard emergencies, visual media (images, videos) document and convey the possible risk, impact, and severity of the hazard. Issues arise when the visuals being circulated, at scale and speed, are manipulated, fake, or are from an unrelated event or location. These problematic visuals can impact how communities interpret the risk of an emergency. Further, when visual media present information (i.e. a cue) in conflict with what an emergency services agency is instructing the public to do, it can lead to uncertainty and confusion in the community on how to act. This research identifies four specific types of problematic visual media that are common to natural hazard emergencies in Australia. We propose a combination of reactive and proactive strategies that can be employed by emergency services agencies to manage the extent and impact of these problematic visuals.</p>},
	keywords = {risk communication visuals media conflicting cues misinformation},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102249},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420921002156$\#$!},
	author = {Paula Dootson and T.J. Thomson and Daniel Angus and Sophie Miller and Edward Hurcombe and Adam Smith}
}
@article {bnh-8255,
	title = {Visual Mis/disinformation in Journalism and Public Communications: Current Verification Practices, Challenges, and Future Opportunities},
	journal = {Journalism Practice},
	year = {2020},
	month = {10/2020},
	abstract = {<p>Social media platforms and news organisations alike are struggling with identifying and combating visual mis/disinformation presented to their audiences. Such processes are complicated due to the enormous number of media items being produced, how quickly media items spread, and the often-subtle or sometimes invisible-to-the-naked-eye nature of deceptive edits. Despite knowing little about the provenance and veracity of the visual content they encounter, journalists have to quickly determine whether to re-publish or amplify this content, with few tools and little time available to assist them in such an evaluation. With the goal of equipping journalists with the mechanisms, skills, and knowledge to be effective gatekeepers and stewards of the public trust, this study reviews current journalistic image verification practices, examines a number of existing and emerging image verification technologies that could be deployed or adapted to aid in this endeavour, and identifies the strengths and limitations of the most promising extant technical approaches. While oriented towards practical and achievable steps in combating visual mis/disinformation, the study also contributes to discussions on fact-checking, source-checking, verification, debunking and journalism training and education.</p>},
	keywords = {communications, images, misinformation, Warnings},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1832139},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2020.1832139},
	author = {T.J. Thomson and Daniel Angus and Paula Dootson and Edward Hurcombe and Adam Smith}
}
