@inbook {bnh-5412, title = {Poleward Migration of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Southern Hemisphere: Perspectives and Challenges for the Built Environment in Australia}, booktitle = {Hurricane Risk}, volume = {1}, year = {2019}, pages = {199-214}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {

With statistically significant trends suggesting that tropical cyclones are migrating poleward in the Southern Hemisphere, specifically in the South Pacific Ocean basin, it is important to review the current state of knowledge on poleward migrating tropical cyclone activity. Furthermore, given the potential impacts they may have on regions traditionally unaffected by tropical cyclones, review of current residential building practice in Australia is warranted. This chapter highlights the significance of the long-term poleward trends in the Southern Hemisphere and potential mechanisms that are driving the geographical shift. Residential building practice in cyclonic and non-cyclonic regions in Australia is discussed to address existing vulnerabilities and how they can lead to catastrophic impacts. Methods and tools to evaluate tropical cyclone risk as well as future research needs are then discussed in the context of adapting to and mitigating for tropical cyclone activity that may migrate poleward. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary and some finishing thoughts about the advantages of forming multidisciplinary teams to address the grand challenge of disaster resilience in the built environment in Australia.

}, keywords = {hurricane, hurricane risk, risk, South Pacific Ocean basin}, isbn = {978-3-030-02401-7}, issn = {978-3-030-02402-4}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02402-4_10}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02402-4_10}, author = {Richard Krupar III and D. J. Smith} } @conference {bnh-3922, title = {Load sharing between batten to rafter connections under wind loading}, booktitle = {13th Americas Conference on Wind Engineering}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, address = {Gainesville, Florida}, abstract = {

Single nailed batten to rafter connections of non-cyclonic region houses were tested under quasi-static ramp loads and under fluctuating dynamic loads determined from a wind tunnel study. Dynamic connection testing showed that nails of connections slip during intermittent {\textquoteleft}peak events{\textquoteright} in the wind load time history with connection failure occurring after several peak events. Non-linear time-history structural analysis was performed on a system of batten to rafter connections where connection testing data were used to model the nominal force-displacement relationships of the nailed connections. This preliminary computer analysis was able to capture the effects of load sharing and redistribution during nail slips and progressive failures.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317411903_Load_Sharing_Between_Batten_to_Rafter_Connections_under_Wind_Loading}, author = {Korah Parackal and John Ginger and D. J. Smith and David Henderson} } @article {bnh-4230, title = {Severe wind hazard preliminary assessment: Tropical Cyclone Debbie, Whitsunday Coast, Queensland, Australia}, year = {2017}, month = {03/2017}, institution = {James Cook University}, address = {Townsville}, abstract = {

Severe Tropical Cyclone Debbie was a category 4 system that made landfall near Airlie Beach (Figure 1) on the north Queensland coast at midday on the 28th of March, 2017. As part of a continuing effort to better characterize wind fields that impact communities during severe wind events, the Cyclone Testing Station (with collaborators from the Wind Research Laboratory at The University of Queensland) deployed SWIRLnet (Surface Weather Relay and Logging Network) weather stations to the region prior to Debbie{\textquoteright}s landfall. Six SWIRLnet towers (3.2 m high anemometers placed in the communities likely to be affected) collected data continuously prior to, during and after landfall. Three towers were deployed in the Ayr/Home Hill region, two in Bowen and one in Proserpine (Figure 2). This Preliminary Assessment Report details the initial observations from these towers, compares these with Bureau of Meteorology Automatic Weather Station observations, and makes some preliminary comment on the damage to structures in stormaffected communities.

}, url = {https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/422951/TC-Debbie-Rapid-Assessment-Report_v8.pdf}, author = {Thomas Kloetzke and Korah Parackal and D. J. Smith and Richard Krupar III and Leblais, Alex and Humphreys, M and Spassiani, Alessio and M. S. Mason and David Roueche and David O Prevatt and David Henderson and Boughton, Geoffrey N.} } @article {bnh-4227, title = {Tropical Cyclone Debbie: damage to buildings in the Whitsunday Region}, number = {63}, year = {2017}, month = {06/2017}, institution = {James Cook University}, address = {Townsville}, abstract = {

Tropical Cyclone Debbie (TC Debbie) was classified by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) as a Category 4 cyclone and crossed the Queensland coast north east of Airlie Beach around midday on Tuesday 28 March 2017.

Before the event, the Cyclone Testing Station (CTS) deployed six mobile anemometers (SWIRLnet) in the area between Ayr and Proserpine. After the event, CTS teams investigated the performance of houses; larger residential structures such as apartments, strata properties and resort accommodation; commercial and public buildings; and sheds. The study area included the communities of Bowen, Proserpine, Airlie Beach, Hamilton Island, Dingo Beach, Wilson{\textquoteright}s Beach and Conway Beach. A wind field was developed using CTS and BoM anemometer data and showed that buildings within the study area experienced wind speeds lower than their relevant design wind speed.

CTS teams assessed the causes of damage to buildings from wind, wind-driven rainwater and storm surge. Inadequate tie-down details between battens and rafters or trusses, and between the roof structure and walls caused many of the structural failures in buildings constructed before the 1980s. Tie-down connections between roof structure and walls that had been inappropriately detailed also failed on some recently constructed buildings. Connections between verandah beams and posts on some buildings with larger verandahs also failed. \ 

This study confirmed the findings of previous damage investigations concerning the vulnerability of: windows with inadequate fixings, window and door furniture; poorly fixed flashings, gutters and soffit linings; large access doors that had not been strengthened so that they complied with AS/NZS4505; lightweight sheds; and fences.

Many occupants of newer buildings reported significant damage from wind-driven rain entering through windows and doors or under flashings even though there was no structural damage to the building. Many people reported that they mopped up water in front of windward wall windows during periods of maximum winds, which exposed them to risk of injury. Further research is required to improve performance of building elements that leak during high winds.

The storm tide generated during TC Debbie was lower than predicted because the cyclone crossed the coast after high tide. Lower-lying buildings in Wilson Beach were inundated to a height of up to 1.1 m causing damage to wall linings, built-in cupboards, floor coverings and contents. In some cases, wave action broke cladding elements and windows. Wave action and scour undercut footings in some buildings on Hamilton Island and Wilson Beach.\ 

The report provides recommendations to improve the performance of building structure and cladding systems including: adequate detailing for roof to wall connections; improved fixing of flashings, retrofitting options for older buildings; improvements in windows and door furniture under repeated wind loads; and revision of storm surge guidelines.

}, isbn = {978-0-9954470-4-2}, issn = {63}, url = {https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/461178/TC-Debbie-report.pdf}, author = {Boughton, Geoffrey N. and Falck, D. J. and David Henderson and D. J. Smith and Korah Parackal and Thomas Kloetzke and M. S. Mason and Humphreys, M and Navaratnam, S and Bodhinayake, G and Simon Ingham and John Ginger} } @conference {bnh-2943, title = {Building community cyclone resilience through academic and community partnership}, booktitle = {AFAC16}, year = {2016}, month = {08/2016}, publisher = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, organization = {Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC}, address = {Brisbane}, abstract = {

This paper will present research from collaboration between the Cyclone Testing Station at James Cook University and insurer Suncorp over the last two years. A key outcome of this work in 2016 has been Suncorp{\textquoteright}s recognition of homeowner mitigation efforts through an insurance premium reduction program known as the {\textquoteleft}Cyclone Resilience Benefit{\textquoteright}. The research methods and findings that informed this program as well as other key outcomes including recommendations for codes and standards will be discussed. A broader context will also be presented including the political backdrop of the Productivity Commission inquiry into natural disaster funding and the recent Northern Australia Insurance Affordability Taskforce.

}, author = {Jon Harwood and D. J. Smith and David Henderson} } @conference {bnh-2092, title = {Investigation of damage: Brisbane 27 November 2014 sever storm event - non peer reviewed extended abstract}, booktitle = {Adelaide Conference 2015}, year = {2015}, address = {Adelaide, Australia}, abstract = {

Research proceedings from the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC \& AFAC Conference in Adelaide, 1-3 September 2015.\ 

}, author = {Korah Parackal and M. S. Mason and David Henderson and D. J. Smith and John Ginger} }